The Methods of Anthropological Demography Assignment

The Methods of Anthropological Demography - Assignment Example On that note, the morning hours were most convenient. This implied that the study was to be performed during the morning session, from around eight o’clock to around one o’clock. The identification of this study period was based on the study patterns exhibited by the population. The students preferred to perform their study during the morning session and take a break by midday as they head for their midday meals. The senior populations also exhibited a preference of performing their study either in the morning or by the course of the day, especially from ten o’clock to twelve o’clock. The flow of traffic into the library facility offered a convenient opportunity to observe elements such as dress codes of the visiting members while a visit in the facility assisted in the identification of the rest of the behaviour. The evening session also provided an opportunity to study the behavioural patterns of the same population in the non-formal hours. WhoThe observ ation was based on the behaviours of the learning population who spend a significant proportion of their time in the facility. The observation focused on their mode of dressing of all the attendants of the facility. A comparison on the anticipated contrasts can be fetched from the variation of the population that will be visiting the facility. This ranges from the staff to the library attendants. Subsequently, the staff will vary from the staff assigned to ensure efficient flow of information across the facility and the staff assigned to ensure.... exhibited a preference of performing their study either in the morning or by the course of the day, especially from ten o’clock to twelve o’clock. The flow of traffic into the library facility offered a convenient opportunity to observe elements such as dress codes of the visiting members while a visit in the facility assisted in the identification of the rest of the behaviour. The evening session also provided an opportunity to study the behavioural patterns of the same population in the non-formal hours. Who The observation was based on the behaviours of the learning population who spend a significant proportion of their time in the facility. The observation focused on their mode of dressing of all the attendants of the facility. A comparison on the anticipated contrasts can be fetched from the variation of the population that will be visiting the facility. This ranges from the staff to the library attendants. Subsequently, the staff will vary from the staff assigned to ensure efficient flow of information across the facility and the staff assigned to ensure there exists a convenient platform for studies. Others will include, the staff who are assigned with the maintenance of the resources in the facility, as well as supplementary services. In a simplified model, these differences can be categorized as being exhibited between the employees and visitors of the facilities. With respect to the dressing code for the visitors, aspects such as a mode of logistic would be utilized to ensure their presence or access to the facility will contribute to their dressing. Those who walked would rarely compare to those who drove to the facility. Subsequently, the nature of the task that they intend to perform at the facility will determine the load that they will carry. This

John Deweys interest and effort in education Essay

John Deweys interest and effort in education - Essay Example This scholarly work of John Dewey proves its significance from the time it’s conceived until this era more enhanced by technology. As a proponent of pragmatism (which means the realistic way to solving problems rather than obeying fixed rules) in the field of pedagogy, he is famous for the line: â€Å"Learning by doing.† In this book, Interest and Effort in Education, the main tenets that this author expresses are: the arguments between interest and effort, unified and divided activity,good teaching defined as â€Å"teaching of the future will make school life vital to youth, the provision of school experience wherein the child is wholeheartedly active in acquiring the ideas and skill needed to deal with the problems of his expanding life.† On the other hand â€Å"genuine interest is the accompaniment of identification, through action, of the self with some object or idea for the maintenance of self-initiated activity. Effort, as opposed to interest, implies a separation between the self and the fact to be mastered or task to be performed and sets up a habitual division of activities.† (Dewey, 1913, p. 14).Dewey describes in vivid and comprehensive detail of the educational setting of his time: its weaknesses and how his tenet could be of significance in the change that he hopes to develop. Moreover, his discussion on the strengths of the theory of interest and effort are equally well-compared contrasted.... It is an impressively structured work that is confident of its impact to the administrators and learners both. It discourages the society's continuous adherence to the already educational theories despite their weaknesses. He expresses the failure of most schools in maintaining student-motivation. Many students leave school for lack of interest. There are a lot of cases of school drop-outs that became successful in their chosen fields, most of them land in different business industries. Insufficient interesting training earned due to the goal of merely acquiring a certification or diploma, labeling them as "those who emerge from the schools, duly certified, too many are skillful merely in an outer show of information and manners which gives no surety that the major part of their inner impulses are capable of rational and easy self-direction." Dewey points out the true cause for student boredom and blames the unappealing method of teaching that stops students from continuing their education. The weakness of the schools rest on their inability to establish creative methods wherein students' personality , level and interest are well gauged. As Dewey puts it, "A child's character, knowledge and skill are not reconstructed by sitting in a room where events happen. Events must happen to him , in a way to bring a full and interested response. The teacher is only successful if there is a student response where change is visible. One of the striking points that Dewey stresses is "It is absurd to suppose that a child gets more intellectual or mental discipline when he goes at a matter unwillingly than when he goes at it out of the fullness of his heart." (Dewey, 1919,

Hopes and dreams of becoming the champions Essay Example for Free

Hopes and dreams of becoming the champions Essay Football is truly one of the most brutal and exciting games we have in the world today. But it is also a game that requires the discipline of a soldier in battle. And no one knows this better than John McMurty who has observed the same thing in his years of playing the game. But is this primeval reflection of society the same in all sports? Not quite. There are two things that football has in common with all other sports: (1) in order to win you have to beat the other team, and (2) to even qualify for a competition intense drills and discipline is required of every player. In this sense, all sports is a lighter version of militaries all over the world going to war with the only difference of not literally killing the other person, but instead, killing their hopes and dreams of becoming the champions. The primal urge to take it all can be seen even in a sport that is entirely in another spectrum altogether. The sport of bowling, as demure as it might seem is of the same caliber as football. While the players in bowling don’t exactly scream bloody murder at one another, nor do they manhandle one another, in another plane, competitors want to beat the hell out of their competitors by taking the title and transferring all that pent-up fury into the swing of their arms, knocking down pins. These pins could even represent opponents the players want to crush, though they are merely representations. And unlike football players who receive punishing injuries at almost every game, bowlers receive theirs occasionally especially if they don’t do their forms right or they don’t throw the ball the way their coaches have drilled into them. This just goes to show that all sports are a reflection of society’s hunger for taking it all and is the military’s baby sister in instilling discipline and in drilling.

Healthy Nutrition for a Child

Healthy Nutrition for a Child Health Intervention Plan A) Brief summary of concerns about the child’s health and well-being. An overview of Joshua would conclude that he is essentially a healthy six year old boy. Apart from being shy on an initial encounter, all his interactions and physical indices appear to be within normal limits. There were no obvious concerns about his developmental stage. He appeared to sleep appropriately. He lives with both parents and two siblings and communicates appropriately for his age. Nutrition Nutrition (24 hr recall) Breakfast different cereals; corn flakes, coco pops, with fruit – apples, bananas. Lunch, also fruit and noodles some times sandwich of hamburger or cheese. Dinner, vegetable soup, bread roll. Intake of sugar and fat could be high. Nutrition is a major issue for many school children. It is not possible to say, as the result of a brief interview with Joshua, whether or not his general diet is a cause for concern. He clearly is not obese and appears to have an appropriate weight for his height. One can use his reported 24 hr intake as a discussion point. It can be seen that his diet is certainly varied, with fruit, some roughage and some protein (albeit probably processed). There is a suspicion that he has an excessive intake of carbohydrate and fat. If these suspicions have been raised, then it would be sensible to investigate them fully with interviews with the parents to establish whether further empowerment and education of parents and child might be appropriate. (Crisp, J et al. 2005) Sporting strategies The report refers to Joshua’s sporting ambitions. While there is every merit in encouraging Joshua to indulge in sport for both general fitness and development, one has to consider the possibility of injury and overuse damage that can occur in the pre-pubertal child who over-exercises in the hope of achieving his goal of being a professional footballer. One can identify the fact that talking about an area of interest such as sport can serve to engage the child and break down potential communication barriers, the nurse can also use the opportunity to present and discuss factors which are relevant to the child’s health and can be worked into the context of the child’s favourite sporting activity. B) Strategies to address no more than two of these health concerns. Nutrition. The key to a changing a child’s nutrition is to target the parents. (Hockenberry, M 2005). On one level this may seem completely obvious, but there are deeper repercussions to this statement. The implications of this comment will be discussed in the next segment. An appropriate strategy to tackle the problem is firstly to define Joshua’s diet with a greater degree of certainty to ascertain if a problem actually exists. This could be done in a number of ways. Clearly one could ask him on a daily basis about his eating habits for that day. This might be reasonably accurate but would be hopelessly inefficient. A better strategy might be to ask to see the parents and discuss the matter at some length with them. If there was any doubt, then one could ask for a food diary to be kept over a period of two weeks. One would have to be aware that this mechanism is capable of manipulation by the parents, but may provide a basis for discussion. The nurse should be able to make a basic assessment of the situation and if there is any doubt then an appointment with the community dietician might help to resolve the problem. In any event, if concerns have been raised, then it is the nurse’s responsibility to monitor the child’s weight and plot it on a centile chart to document any significant change. Any significant deviations from the normal should ideally be referred to the primary healthcare team. Sports This is not an easy area in the pre-pubertal child. The evidence presented for Joshua does not suggest any problem. As a discussion point however, one can consider the fact that healthcare professionals have to tread a narrow path between encouraging a healthy interest in sport, which can help both body and mind develop properly, and allowing a particular interest in a particular aspect of sport to cause maldevelopment. This latter consideration can either come from a child (who may have some form of associated obsessive illness) or, more frequently from the parents who may have views about pushing the child to achieve. This can have repercussions not only in overuse syndromes, but in psychological issues relating to over-control and overt bullying. An appropriate strategy would be to firstly define the problem with interviews with both the child and their parents. If a problem is believed to exist, then it may simply require advice and guidance for the parents from various healthcare professionals in the primary healthcare team. Specific overuse injuries may require specific interventions. It has to be noted that this is not a common problem, but if it is defined, then it should be taken seriously as the repercussions may have a significant impact on the child’s development. C The use of a wide selection of literature no more than 5 years old, to provide a rationale (justification) for each strategy. You are expected to reference this section. Nutrition. In general terms, the parents (and sometimes the school) are responsible for the provision of an adequate diet for the child, but the literature is full of examples of how maladaptive practices in parents can have quite marked clinical implications for the child’s health. A very recent paper by Moestue has studied the link between a child’s nutritional status and the parental educational level (Moestue H et al. 2008). The nutritional values that the mother has been brought with up largely determines how she will feed her family. To a large extent this is independent of the family’s financial means although the latter may have an adverse impact if it is very low. (Cochrane S H et al. 2000). Obesity is perhaps the most common form of malnutrition and its incidence in developed countries is increasing at an alarming rate. (Maher E J et al. 2008). It is observed that obese parents tend to have obese children. This linkage may not simply be a genetic predisposition (although there is a strong genetic element) but the feeding habits of the mother (in particular) tend to be perpetuated in the child. (Lobstein T et al. 2004). To successfully tackle potential obesity in childhood has a number of positive effects in adulthood. The child who is obese will tend to be an obese adolescent and an obese adult. This will increase the chances of Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease and some types of cancer. Reducing the child’s BMI to non-obese levels will reduce their susceptibility to these eventualities. (Zhu H et al. 2008) In terms of tackling this problem, many authorities point to the fact that empowerment and education of the parents is the key to providing children with good eating habits. (Howe J et al. 2004). If these are established in childhood then they are more likely to persist throughout life. Such a remit may be beyond a simple intervention from the school nurse, but involvement of the multidisciplinary primary healthcare team may help in this respect. Sport This essay has highlighted the balance required between a healthy attitude to sport and overindulgence. Although the latter is unusual in this age group, when it happens it can have severe consequences. (Brenner J S, 2007). The reason why this is a particular problem in this age group is the fact that the pre-pubertal child has bones and ligaments which are still growing, as such they cannot handle as much stress as adult bones. Children can get injuries which do not occur in adult life. The growing ends of bone (the ephyisis) can become detached or distorted resulting in abnormal growth. (OKeefe L, 2007). The commonest source of such problems in this age group is parental pressure and expectation. Some parents have completely unrealistic expectations for their children. Others simply want to let the child have opportunities that perhaps they never had and, however misguidedly, push them too hard into sporting activities. The healthcare professional has to be careful not to allow concerns relating to overuse problems to completely dissuade children from sporting activities. Some degree of physical exercise is vital, not only for the child’s physical development, but also to develop habits which are essential for health in future life. (Allender S et al. 2008). This is particularly important in the child who is overweight and who, if this overweight is maintained into adult life, would be at greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (Hillsdon M et al. 2005). Sports participation also aids development in a number of other, more subtle ways. It can encourage the ability to work in a team and also encourages self-reliance. Competitive instincts can also be developed with participation in many sporting activities. (Powell K E et al. 2006) Appendix 1 Child’s first name: Joshua Age Six Years School Fisk Street Primary School Gender Male PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT Height 121 Weight 22 BMI 15.2 Temperature 36.8 Pulse 102 respiration 28 Oral health All teeth are in good condition. How could you tell? What was the state of the gums? DEVELOPMENT Speech He spoke very clearly/ but at the beginning he was shy and this is normal in his age. Was the voice hoarse, loud or soft? Interaction with the assessor Good level of interaction with assessor. HEALTH HISTORY Sleep pattern There are no sleep problems indicated. He sleeps from 8:30 pm to 6:00am Sports / Physical Activities On the weekend and some time after school activities are Soccer and football. TV / Screen hours per day He watch TV for Minimum of 2.5 hours per day Other activities Play with his brother X Box and he go with his father for fishing Nutrition (24 hr recall) Breakfast different cereals; corn flakes, coco pops, with fruit – apples, bananas. Lunch, also fruit and noodles some times sandwich of hamburger or cheese. Dinner, vegetable soup, bread roll. Intake of sugar and fat could be high. It is hard to say with a one off assessment. Record any other comments made by the child about their general health status He is very good and strong SOCIAL HISTORY People who live at home with the child (do not include names of individuals) Father, Mother, Brothers Sisters. Family activities Sport activities on week end, they do party for his birthday Friends of the child (do not include names of individuals) He said that he have many friends in the school NOTE ANY OTHER ACTIVITIES YOU UNDERTAKE WITH THE CHILD Joshoa as I assess him he is healthy boy with good communication when I spoke with him also he have dream to be famous player when he will be old man as he said, and he always try to play and asking questions for many time when we will play with balloon this gave me good idea about his health status. Showed good way of engaging with the child. References Allender S, Hutchinson L, Foster C (2008) Life-change events and participation in physical activity: a systematic review. Health Promot. Int., June 1, 2008; 23 (2) : 160 172. Brenner J S, (2007) Overuse Injuries, Overtraining, and Burnout in Child and Adolescent Athletes. Paediatrics Vol. 119 No. 6 June 2007, pp. 1242 1245 Cochrane S H, O’Hara D, Leslie J. (2000) The effects of education on health Washington, DC : World Bank 2000. Crisp, J., Taylor, C 2005, ‘Potter Perry’s fundamentals of nursing, edition’, Elsevier, Marrickville, Australia. 2005 Hillsdon M, Foster C, Thorogood M. (2005) Interventions for Physical Activity (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Human Kinetics 2005 pp. 137 – 59. Hockenberry, M (2005), ‘Wong’s essentials of Pediatric Nursing’, 7th edn. Mosby, St Louis. 2005 Howe and Anderson (2003) Involving patients in medical education. BMJ, Aug 2003 ; 327 : 326 328. Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R, et al. (2004) Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obesity Rev 5 : supplement, 4 – 85. Maher E J, Li G, Carter L, Johnson D B. (2008) Preschool Child Care Participation and Obesity at the Start of Kindergarten. Paediatrics Vol. 122 No. 2 August 2008, pp. 322 330 Moestue H, Huttly S (2008) Adult education and child nutrition: the role of family and community. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2008; 62 : 153 159; OKeefe L (2007) Overdoing It in Youth Sports. Journal Watch Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, July 25, 2007; 2007 (725) : 3 3. Powell K E and Pratt M. (2006) Physical activity and health. Br Med J 2006 313 : 126 – 7 Zhu H, Yan W, Ge D, Treiber F A,. Harshfield G A, Kapuku G, Snieder H, Dong Y (2008) Relationships of Cardiovascular Phenotypes With Healthy Weight, at Risk of Overweight, and Overweight in US Youths. Pediatrics, January 1, 2008; 121 (1) : 115 122. ############################################################## 18.8.08 Word count 2,192 PDG

Reservoir Dogs :: essays research papers

1. A cult film. It is a known fact that taste in movies is something that is different for every person. But that doesn’t mean people can’t agree on anything in this matter. Some films capture the hearts of many people all over the world, and are loved and remembered by all. These films deserve a place in history books. We refer to them as ‘Classics’. E.g. Citizen Kane, Casablanca, The Godfather †¦ Of course not all films that are viewed by millions of people are classics. Some film producers like Jerry Bruckheimer are known to produce action-packed, hyped up, commercial films with low artistic value and make billions of dollars. These films are called box office hits, because their main success is at the box office. E.g. Pirates of the Caribbean, American Pie, Titanic †¦ But what exactly is a cult hit? Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionary defines ‘cult’ as someone or something that has become very popular with a particular group of people. What is a particular group of people you might ask. Well the answer to that question can be traced back to the beginning of the art of cinematography. Since the beginning of cinema there have been film fans and film fanatics. The latter were - and still are – those who live and die for movies, people who see five new films a week. These people are what one would call ‘particular’. They are no longer satisfied by the average Hollywood movie. They want something special, something that sets the film above others. But what exactly makes ‘Reservoir Dogs’ a cult film?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Tarantino In January of 1991 a film titled Reservoir Dogs (1992) hit the Sundance Film festival. The writer-director was a first-timer by the name of Quentin Tarantino. The film garnered critical acclaim and the director became a legend in the England, UK and the cult film circuit. The fact that it was directed by Tarantino was enough to make sure this movie would be one. Of course this did not happen over night: after having seen his three first films it became clear that he had some trademarks of his own that made his movies original. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is always a long pointless conversation that is remotely or not at all relevant for the course of the movie. E.g. ‘the Madonna conversation’ in the beginning sequence of ’Reservoir Dogs’, ‘the the differences of European fast food conversation’ in ‘Pulp Fiction’ †¦ †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He always ads a Dutch element to his films:

Euthanasia Essay - Should Physician-Assisted Suicide be Legal? :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Should Physician-Assisted Suicide be Legal? Throughout the twentieth century, major scientific and medical advances have greatly enhanced the life expectancy of the average person. However, there are many instances where doctors can preserve life artificially. In these cases where the patient suffers from a terminal disease or remains in a "persistent vegetative state" or PVS from which they cannot voice their wishes for continuation or termination of life, the question becomes whether or not the patient has the freedom to choose whether or not to prolong their life even though it may consist of pain and suffering. In answer to this question, proponents of physician-assisted suicide, most notably, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, are of the opinion that not only should patients be able to abstain from treatment, but if they have a terminal and/or extremely painful condition, they should be able to seek out the assistance of a doctor in order to expedite their death with as little pain as possible. Contained herein are the arguments for and against the le galization of doctor-assisted suicide, as well as where the state courts stand in respect to this most delicate of issues. In the hopes of clarification, we must first distinguish between active and passive euthanasia. Passive euthanasia involves the patient's refusal of medical assistance. It involves the right to die which is protected by the United States Constitution clauses of due process liberty and the right to privacy (Fourteenth Amendment). The right to doctor-assisted suicide, or active euthanasia, consists of, "...a patient's right to authorize a physician to perform an act that intentionally results in the patient's death, without the physician's being held civilly or criminally liable for having caused the death" . The "passive" form of euthanasia was first deemed legal by the New Jersey State Supreme Court in 1976 In re Quinlan . In the Quinlan case, the court allowed a competent patient to terminate the use of life- sustaining medical machines to prolong life. Since New Jersey's decision, all fifty states have enacted similar statutes which contain living will provisions. However, although the United States Supreme Court upheld the Quinlan decision in re Cruzan , it changed the parameters of passive euthanasia . With the Cruzan decision, the Supreme Court held that passive euthanasia was legal but only for competent adults or those who are

HYDROCODONE PLEASE Essay

Hydrocodone is an opioid narcotic â€Å"first synthesized in Germany in 1920 by Carl Mannich and Helen Lowenheim†. (Hydrocodone) Since 1943, hydrocodone use has increased to the point that practically everyone agrees that something needs to change. Hydrocodone is presently a schedule III medication (drugs with an abuse risk less than schedule II). (Controlled drugs) There is currently a petition from the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) to reschedule hydrocodone to a schedule II medication (drugs with a high abuse risk but also have safe and accepted medical use in the United States). (Controlled drugs) â€Å"On January 24-25, 2012 the Drug safety and Risk Management Advisory committee (DSaRM) meet and voted 19-10 in favor of the rescheduling of hydrocodone†, (Rescheduling) and at present awaiting the final decision from the FDA if the schedule will change. Rescheduling of hydrocodone was first considered in 1999 when the DEA noted a rise in hydrocodone related abu se and deaths. In 2004, when the Advisory committee first met, they agreed there was not enough information to change the schedule at that time. The DEA continued to collect data. In 2009, they resubmitted a petition for reevaluation, citing continued rise in number of prescriptions and increased misuse and frank abuse of hydrocodone. In a 2009 article, (Emergency Department Visits Involving Non-medical Use of Selected Prescription Drug) the CDC demonstrated a steady rise in opioid abuse and prescription opioid related deaths from 2004-2008. They found a 111% increase in ER visits involving nonmedical use of hydrocodone, from 144,600 visits to 305,900 visits. In 2007-2008 -a single year- the volume increased 29%. (2004-2008) The Drug Abuse Warning network (DAWN) â€Å"a public health information system that tracks the abuse and misuse of opioid type medication such as hydrocodone†, (2004-2008) utilized â€Å"trained reporters to collect data from hospital related Emergency room visits via chart review’. (2004-2008) DAWN’s statistics reveal a steady rise in abuse and deaths related to opioid (hydrocodone) painkillers, and the average patient age is getting younger each year. Medical examiner findings parallel the results  of DAWN’s research. The rescheduling of hydrocodone has become a nation-wide issue. Some feel the rescheduling of hydrocodone will hinder chronic pain patients from receiving their medications. I read several blogs by patients on this subject. They are worried about the cha nge. Many state that without this medication, they cannot live a â€Å"normal life† and be a productive member of society. Patients are not the only group that have concerns. There are several pharmacy groups who oppose the rescheduling of hydrocodone. They feel the rescheduling of hydrocodone will create barriers for patients with chronic pain who need the medication. They also believe that hydrocodone, if rescheduled, will â€Å"go up in cost due to the requirement for secure storage, recordkeeping, and inventory management†. (APhA) Some physicians oppose the rescheduling of hydrocodone, Dr. Fudin, a Chronic Pain Management Physician, has stated that the â€Å"rescheduling of hydrocodone will not solve the abuse problem that the FDA is hoping it will. The patients that are abusing hydrocodone will just move on to something else. Plus rescheduling of hydrocodone will lead to inadequate medications for chronic pain patients†. (Fudin) Dr. Webster voices some of the sam e concerns. In his presentation â€Å"Rescheduling Hydrocodone: Patient and Public health Considerations†, Dr. Webster stated that of those who abuse hydrocodone, 55% of them get their medications from family or friends and rescheduling hydrocodone is not likely to change that. Dr. Webster also stated that the rescheduling of hydrocodone could easily effect the costs of the medication, increase insurance cost and make patient access to the medication difficult. He also voiced concerns that rescheduling would cause a â€Å"balloon effect†: that those abusing the hydrocodone will find another mediation to take its place. Replacements could have worse side effects and increase the risk of illegal drug use and abuse. (Fudin) Dr. Bob Twillman, The Director of Policy and Advocacy for the American Academy of Pain Management, also opposes the rescheduling of hydrocodone. Dr. Twillman was one of the individuals on the 2012 FDA advisory committee. His 2013 article also addresses changes to the official FDA policy which would allow opioid painkillers only be used in â€Å"severe† pain, no dose greater than 100 mg of oral morphine per day, and no more than 90 days’ worth. Although Dr. Twillman never officially stated how he voted, his position is c lear. He feels that the rescheduling of hydrocodone will cause harm to chronic pain  patients and really have little to no effect of the high abuse rate. Dr. Twillman uses an aphorism â€Å"a rising tide lifts all boats† (Twillman) to suggest that the increase in production of hydrocodone has increased both the proper use (to help patients that need it) and the abuse of the medication. Dr. Twillman states that a good solution should be to decrease access to hydrocodone for the ones who abuse it, and increase access for the patients who need it. Dr. Twillman also discusses the â€Å"squeezing the balloon† (Twillman) effect, when you take away one supply of an abused opioid another will just take its place. Although Dr. Fudin and Dr. Twillman make valid points against rescheduling of hydrocodone, there is overwhelming evidence that hydrocodone is the â€Å"#1† abused narcotic in the United States and even those who oppose rescheduling agree that there needs to be a change. The State of New York has already taken steps without waiting on the FDA decision. The state put in effect a â€Å"1 STOP law†, (Mulder) which restricts the number of hydrocodone tablets a patient can receive. Instead of the standard six month prescription, physicians are only allowed to write for a 90 day supply. Furthermore, any time a physician writes a prescription for hydrocodone or any other narcotic, they are required to check a prescription database which shows how many prescriptions each patient has had. This is done to prevent â€Å"doctor shoppers† and drug-seekers from obtaining multiple prescriptions at different physicians and emergency rooms. Dr. Brian Johnson, Addiction Medicine Specialist, is happy about the changes. He feels the new system will bring to light how addictive hydrocodone really is. The article â€Å"Prescription Painkiller Overdoses, A growing epidemic†, shows how dramatically the death rates from prescription painkillers have increased over the past several years – â€Å"an astounding 400% increase among women and 265% among men’. (Prescription) not only has the death rate increased, the ages at death are getting younger. It’s reported that every 3 minutes a women is treated in the emergency room for opioid medication overdose. Historically, women are more likely to have â€Å"chronic pain, abuse painkillers and doctor shop†. As a result, hydrocodone abuse is even affecting the unborn. There has been a â€Å"300% increase in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a group of problems that can occur in newborns when exposed to prescription painkillers hydrocodone in the womb†. (Prescription) The rescheduling of hydrocodone continues to be a â€Å"hot†Ã‚  topic. It is not only academics and regulatory entities like the FDA who find this topic difficult. In my 20 years as an Emergency room nurse, I have seen many patients who truly need this medication. I have also seen the â€Å"drug seekers†, â€Å"ER hoppers†. I have dealt with patients who call to find out what physician is working , the ones who only come to be seen when Dr. â€Å"X† is working, knowing they will receive their narcotics. I see daily the pressure placed on the physicians to give the patients what they want, so in return the patients will give the facility a good satisfaction rating. Based on my research on this subject, my opinion is, for the rescheduling of hydrocodone. Works Cited â€Å"2004-2008, Emergency Department Visits Involving Nonmedical Use of Selected Prescription Drugs — United State.† 18 June 2010. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"APhA, other pharmacy groups oppose rescheduling hydrocodone in letter to HHS.† 12 Nov. 2013. American Pharmacy Association. Web. 9 Feb. 2014. . â€Å"Controlled Drugs.† 2002-2013. Texas State Board of Pharmacy. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. . Fudin, Dr. Jeffrey. â€Å"Effect of Rescheduling Hydrocodone is Unknown.† 26 Jan. 2013. Dr. Jeffrey Fudin. Web. 9 Feb. 2014. . Gunter, Dr. Jen. † New Restrictions on Hydrocodone are unlikely to solve any Problem.† n.d. Dr. Jen Gunter. Web. 23 January 2014. . â€Å"Hydrocodone.† 11 Feb. 2014. Wikipedia. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. . Mulder, James T. â€Å"New restrictions on painkiller prescriptions take effect Saturday.† 18 Feb. 2013. The Post-Standard Central New York. Web. 9 Feb. 2014. . â€Å"Prescripti on Painkiller Overdoses, A growing epidemic, especially among women.† July 2013. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"Rescheduling of hydrocodone Proposal.† 24-25 jan. 2013. Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory committee (DSaRM). Web. 19 Jan. 2014. . Twilliman, Bob, Ph.D., FAPM, Director of Policy and Advocacy for the American Academy of Pain Management (AAPM). â€Å"Rescheduling Hydrocodone.† 05 Feb. 2013: 1-5. Livestrong Foundation. Web. 9 Feb. 2014. .