Are Custodial Sentences the most economical and effective way of Crime Prevention - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1944 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Crime Essay Did you like this example? Custodial sentences are supposed to be an efficient way of reducing crime, enforcing punishment for the crime committed. The main aims of custodial sentencing is Retribution , Denunciation ,Deterrence ,Rehabilitation and Reparation, but are custodial sentences always the most economical and best way of crime prevention? The idea of Retribution is to enforce a punishment on the offender as a result of the actions and the crimes they have committed. Denunciation is aimed to be a way of acknowledgment and highlighting the fact of societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s un-acceptance and zero tolerance policy of crimes being committed without being punished. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are Custodial Sentences the most economical and effective way of Crime Prevention?" essay for you Create order This should give satisfaction to society that there is justice being done to criminals.[1] Lord Denning described denunciation as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Punishment is the way in which society expresses its denunciation of wrong doing, and in order to maintain respect for the law it is essential that the punishment inflicted for grave crimes should adequately reflect the revulsion felt by the great majority of citizens for them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[2] Custodial sentences are supposed to be also used as a Deterrence and a preventative measure to prevent crimes from being committed in the future by giving harsh sentences for crimes the government hopes this will prevent crimes being committed in the future especially where harsher sentences are given.[3] One of the main aims of rehabilitation is to reform and rehabilitate them so that when they are released back into society they are educated and that they are less likely to commit crimes when they ar e released. It is beneficial for offenders to be educated and have access to qualifications whilst being imprisoned which makes the time spent inside beneficial and then once rehabilitated have the skills they need to find a job when released back into the community so that they dot have to resort back to crime as a way to make money.[4] The main aim of rehabilitation is to reform the offender and rehabilitate him or her into society, so that they are less likely to commit offences in the future. This is either because they either learn to see the harm they are causing to society or because they learn through education, training and other forms of help. It is an aim that looks into the future of the defendant. It has the hope that the offender ¹s behaviour will be altered by the penalty imposed, so they will not re-offend in the future. Reparation allows compensation to the victims of the crimes where the courts have the power to order the offender to repay and give com pensation to the victim for the crime they have committed. In an ideal world custodial sentences are supposed to be the most beneficial way of crime prevention although this is in theory, in practice this is not always the case. For example certain criminals offend to feed a drug or alcohol addiction. We know for more serious crimes and repeat offenders that custodial sentences are the only option however in some other less serious crimes it may be more cost effective and economical if the offender had to pay compensation not only to the victim but also the same or even more to the government. This could become a more effective way in crime reduction if offenders actually have to pay money as opposed to just going to prison where in fact the government and the tax payer have to pay for them, shelter, feed and clothe them rather if the criminals were the ones who had to pay this may give an income to the government as well as compensating the victims. In Section 152 9 (2) Of The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (amended in 2012 LASPO), states that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The court MUST NOT pass a custodial sentence unless it is of the opinion that the offence, or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it, was SO SERIOUS that neither a fine alone nor a community sentence can be justified for the offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ There are certain restrictions as per Section.79 (2) of the Powers of Criminal Courts Service Act 2000 (PCC(S)) that:- That the offence, or the combination of the offence and more or more offences associated with it , was so serious that only such a sentence can be justified for the offence; or Where the offences are a violent or sexual offence, that only such a sentence would be adequate to protect the public from serious harm.[5] Custodial sentences in this context may not always be the most effective way of crime prevention and rehabilitation of the criminal and further preventing crimes from being committed in the future. However this may be beneficial to society if the offender poses certain risk to the general public however offenders at this level often have a total disregard for the law an often do not mind going to jail as jail offers a warm bed with food and shelter often many offenders donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have this in society. Housing offenders in prison is very costly to the government and the tax payer. In a report disclosed by the Minister of Justice for 2012-13 state the cost of housing one prisoner alone a Male CAT B prisoner to be  £33,632. [6] It can be said by some that criminals are just thrown into prison without actually doing much in order to rehabilitate the criminals this can be seen clearly due to the overcrowding of the prison population. In Lord Carters review in 20 07 of prisons, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Securing the Futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, where he predicted that from June 2014 that there will be a lack of prison places and their could potentially be a shortfall of places as high as 13,000. That puts more pressure on the government to provide funds and build new prisons in order to facilitate the ever increasing amount of criminals being put in prison.[7] Due to prisons being overcrowded this has consequently had a knock on effect an disrupted the rehabilitation of prisoners , since prisoners are often moved around as the prison service tries to facilitate the fluctuation in prison numbers and to relieve themselves from stress. This means educating the offenders is often interrupted and/or neglected as a result and often before they are able to finish completing courses they have started.[8] The fact prisoners are being moved around makes it difficult to maintain and set out plans for rehabilitating individuals, so as a result making prisoners employable when they finish their sentence becomes more difficult resulting in repeat offenders committing crimes and then again ending back in jail at the cost of the tax payer. This cycle will continue if significant changes are not made to the justice system in the up and other authorities who work together. The lack of failing to work together effectively comes at a huge price to the government and the tax payer and wastes funds, In an Audit conducted by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The National Audit Officeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, they held that 62% of court proceedings in the UK that cases were not successful and did not go ahead due to drop in charges on the day of the hearing or poor preparation and lack of evidence which caused cases to be dropped.[9] If the British justice system were more inclined to rehabilitating and educating offenders as opposed to just putting them in jail and paying little attention to the rehabilitation, they may find huge savings the government and the British tax payer. In a report by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Matrix Knowledge Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, who made a report called,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ For and Against Prisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; they made some remarkable predictions relating to this matter. The aim of their report was too collect evidence which was needed to identify and outline and argument for and against offenders being served with custodial sentences , including alternatives and an economic forecast of the current costs and the potential savings that could be earned by rehabilitating individuals as opposed to just putting them in prison.[10] In the Case R v Howells (1999) Lord Bingham stated that : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢There is no bright line which separates offences which are so serious that only a custodial sentence can be justified from offences which are not so serious as to require the passing of a custodial sentenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (pg. 103)[11] The Matrix report stated that if there were to be adult community interventions and Drug rehabilitation available in the community for offenders known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Drug Treatment Alternative To Prison Programme (DTAP)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ , where offenders will be put on intense programmes , inclusive of group sessions with in their community which would help to teach them social skills and values , help to become drug free, behavioural help also including educational programs which would help to make offenders employable and have a life which is positive an make them not dependant on drugs. [12] If operations were available like this in the community it would cost around  £5,299 per offender each year this is not a lot compared to the cost of housing offenders in prison . These types of community intervention could give a massive saving to the government the matrix report predicts that there could be a saving of  £88,469 to the tax payer alone, and a further saving of  £202,775 just for educating the offenders and preventing crimes which would give a saving to the victim costs alone.[13] There are other forms of sentencing that are available as opposed to custodial sentences for example in the Criminal Justice Act 1991 was when the Probation Order became a sentence in its own right this gave an increase in community sentences in 1992 the increase was 18% , and in 2002 it had increased again to 25%. Although these figures did not however reduce custodial sentences being given these figures were in addition to custodial sentences due to increase in crime.[14] To conclude it can be clear by the research and studies that have been taken to address the issue, of weather if custodial sentences are economical and cost effective way of crime prevention? Or that by sending prisoners to jail for some time where they can do no harm for the duration of the sentence is not always efficient or cost effect and/or if it even prevents crime at all? There is no doubt for certain kinds of prisoners a custodial sentence is the only option , but if there were alternatives made available by the justice system in communities this would give better value for money spent by way of rehabilitating offenders as opposed to just sending them to prison. Research has identified that adult based community schemes are shown to be the best and most likely to be more effective way of crime prevention in the UK. Bibliography Michael Cavadino and James Dignan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Penal System: An Introduction (London: Sage, 2007, 4th Edition) Aileen Murphie, Measuring the effectiveness of prison on sentences in England and Wales (https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf Roger Matthews, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Doing Time An Introduction to the Sociology of Imprisonment (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, 2nd Edition https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf www.matrixknowledge.com/vendor/wp-content/ uploads/2013/09/10-economic-case-for-and-against-prison.pdf https://merlin/reports/nao/0506/n0506798.pdf https://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/sentencing/custodial-sentences.htm https://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/Deterrence Briefing .pdf [1] https://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/sentencing/custodial-sentences.htm [2] https://www.peterjepson.com/law/aoife sentencing.htm [3] https://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/Deterrence Briefing .pdf [4] https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf [5] https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/6/contents [6] https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-justice/about/statistics [7] news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/05_12_07_prisons.pdf [8] https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf [9] https://merlin/reports/nao/0506/n0506798.pdf [10] Matrix report à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" For and Against prisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ , Blackboard [11] R v Howells ,Blackboard [12] Matrix Report , Blackboard [13] Matrix Report, Blackboard [14] Lecture 8 Slides Blackboard

Essay about Barbara Norris Case Study - 3145 Words

Term Paper Case Study: Barbara Norris, Leading Change in the General Surgery Unit Term Paper Case Study Hodges University HAS 3129 Professor Mary MacLaughlin 12/10/15 Table of Contents Introduction to the Case Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Statement of the Problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Generating Alternatives and Analyzing the Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Selecting Decision Criteria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Analyzing and Evaluating Alternatives and Action†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Recommendations and Implementation Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Term†¦show more content†¦These include relationships with the director of nursing, senior nursing staff, newer nursing staff, patient care assistants, physicians, and administrators. We will explore some of these relationships and the problems and issues associated with them, followed by recommendations and a plan of action that Barbara can implement to achieve her goals. Statement of the Problems As nurse manager Barbara is responsible for managing the staff, scheduling and budgeting for the unit. Her staff includes twenty-five registered nurses and eight patient care assistants (PCA’s). The unit is known for its culture of confrontation, blaming, and favoritism. The staff is dissatisfied, unmotivated, and not functioning as a team to deliver quality patient care. In Barbara’s first month she has lost two RN’s and due to a hiring freeze at EMU Barbara was not able to replace the positions. The unit is short staffed, stress levels are high and employee morale is low. Barbara meets individually with twenty or so staff members and comes to the conclusion that no one is happy and she has a lot of work to do. There are multiple groups that Barbara has identified issues with and she must come up with an action plan to manage the discrepancies. She has found issues in downward management which involves senior nurses, newer nurses, and patient care assistants, and in upward management including administrators and physicians,Show MoreRelatedBarbara Norris Case Study1062 Words   |  5 PagesBarbara Norris Case Analysis Synopsis - Barbara month into a management position of a unit that is ‘Troubled’ she has had no experience in managing a large units which included managing, scheduling and budgeting. - The unit is short staffed, stressed and there is a high turnover with a poor culture. 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Antonys Rhetorical Superiority Analysis Essay free essay sample

Using Logos, Antony’s logical argument that Caesar was not ambitious made the mob begin to doubt their current suppositions that Caesar deserved death for his ambition. With the emotive appeals of Pathos, Antony used a wide variety of props, rhetorical tricks and cleverly worded lies to incense the mob against the conspirators whom had killed the apparently unambitious Caesar. Most importantly, however, Antony’s greatest ability was the way that he presented himself almost simultaneously as both a common man and the mighty noble that he was, using Ethos to its utmost effect and connecting to the mob in ways that Brutus and even Cassius could not. When Antony insisted that Brutus tell him why they had killed Caesar, his motive was not to see if their cause was justified or not. Antony’s real aims were to decipher their logical argument behind killing Caesar, in order to understand how to combat it in his upcoming monologue. He then paid close attention during Brutus’ speech, to reaffirm his knowledge of how to refute the shallow logic that Brutus unknowingly used. From these two sources, Antony was able to construct a counter-argument that was both precise and effective. Brutus had claimed, speaking for all the conspirators, that they had killed Caesar for his ambition that threatened to enslave all of Rome, leading to destitution and sadness for all. Antony knew the way to respond, however, in his â€Å"Friends, Romans, Countrymen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  speech. He stated his refrain early on: â€Å"[Caesar] was my friend, faithful and just to me; but Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honorable man† (III. ii. 86). He would then proceed by providing factual evidence that Caesar was in fact not ambitious, and then return to his theme by stating that in spite of all the proof to the contrary, Brutus still accused Caesar. Using parallelism, and continuing to juxtapose the incontrovertibility of Caesar’s innocence to Brutus’ drastic and unnecessary actions, Antony was able to defeat the arguments of the conspirators. Despite this, Brutus had used other reasons why they had killed Caesar in his speech, which Antony did not address within his own. Wherein lies one of his greatest victories: the ability to recognize the essential, underlying argument that was the lifeline of all other logic that the conspirators used, that Caesar’s death was warranted by his ambition. Antony reasoned that if he could disprove just this one point, all the other points that the conspirators had made would be immediately invalidated, granting him a complete victory. The mob’s sudden loss of confidence in the conspirators and Caesar’s guilt would leave the crowd with a void of trust, unsure why â€Å"honorable† Brutus, Cassius, and the others would kill Caesar, if not for his ambition. Antony, anticipating this void, planned to fill it with anger and rage against his enemies, by harnessing the subtle and powerful art of Pathos. The turbulent and powerful qualities of emotion have the capacity to control its host entirely. To translate the anger he was creating from the crowd into action, Antony needed to stoke it much as one does a fire. Many times, Antony played with the emotions of the crowd, and he began by reinforcing his victory of logic. He states in his first speech, â€Å"You did all love [Caesar] once, not without cause; what cause withholds you then to mourn for him? † (III. ii. 103) Since he had already convinced his audience of Caesar’s innocence, he then makes them feel ashamed for having ever doubting the man’s obvious virtue and benevolence. He also used this rhetorical device when he subsequently states, â€Å"O judgment, thou art fled to brutish beasts, and men have lost their reason! (III. ii. 105) Through subtly lamenting that the crowd was acting without judgment, its members became earnest to rectify their mistake in listening to the conspirators. Antony knew that the crowd felt this way, and suggested to them a solution: â€Å"O masters! If I were disposed to stir your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage, I should do Brutus wrong and Cassius wrong†¦ I rather choose to wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you† (III. ii. 122). This quotation reveals another concept that Antony places upon the Romans: the concept of two distinct sides. He places himself, the crowd, and the dead Caesar upon one side, and the conspirators upon the other. The crowd then realized that the conspirators, through killing Caesar, had wronged every single one of them. Having the mob come to accept Caesar as on their side might have proven difficult for Antony, but he was able to use exceptional props to accentuate his points. His strongest prop was the body of Caesar himself, which resembled much more a â€Å"carcass fit for hounds† than a â€Å"dish fit for the gods† as Brutus, hoping for the opposite, had said earlier. Antony placed his mentor’s body in plain view of the crowd, in the humble pose that death imposes. He then describes the man in startlingly personal and human terms, bringing the crowd closer to Caesar. He tells them, â€Å"For when the noble Caesar saw [Brutus] stab, ingratitude, more strong than traitors’ arms, quite vanquished him. Then burst his mighty heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III. ii. 185) Possibly the most brilliant of Antony’s portrayals, he described Caesar not as a mighty ruler, but a kind and honest man. Antony brought the moment of the assassination to the Romans, and illustrated for them how it was not the daggers that killed Caesar but the extraordinary pain of seeing his best friend among his killers. He showed them how the great Caesar took their vicious thrusts with the grace and dignity of a hero, and not with regal contempt of a dictator. The crowd could now feel what the great Caesar felt, and welcomed him as one of them as a result. Antony then revealed his final prop: the very â€Å"will† of Caesar. At the end of all his speeches, when the populace is at the point of revolt, he reads, â€Å"Here is the will, and under Caesar’s seal. To every Roman citizen he gives, to every several man, seventy-five drachmas† (III. ii. 241). Despite the fact that the will was only a figment of Antony’s boundless imagination, he did not need it to be real in order to cause the mob to riot. When the crowd beheld that the conspirators had killed a man who was their great and just leader, who cared for them all enough to give them each a large sum of money upon his death, their emotions and anger exploded into the desperate and near unstoppable desire to act. Antony knew he had succeeded with making the crowd emotional enough to kill the conspirators, as he says with a grim satisfaction, â€Å"Now let it work: Mischief, thou art afoot, take thou what course thou wilt† (III. ii. 262). This undisputed mastery of the Pathos rhetorical technique that Antony wielded gave him the advantages he needed to quickly and efficiently accomplish his ends. The right hand man of Julius Caesar had another gift as well, one that enabled him to even dare to say most of the things he did to the crowd. The gift was a deep understanding of not just what to convey to an audience, but how to convey it: Ethos. From the very first sentence he spoke to the crowd, he had already received their rapt attention and their unconditional trust. He said, simply and honestly and without condescension, â€Å"Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III. ii. 74) In only seven-words, Antony’s genius for communication can be easily viewed. He began by placing himself and the crowd within three groups that they all belonged to, creating a sense of unity among the gathered Romans. In addition, Antony respectfully requests permission for those assembled to listen to what he had to say, making the crowd truly feel that Antony was a common Roman like them. However, Antony is able to maintain, through both how he identifies himself and the way he speaks, to command respect like a noble or emperor would. This balance that Antony strikes between modesty and arrogance allows him to speak with authority, and not appear to be giving orders even as he does so. A clear demonstration of that ability is when Antony tells the mob, â€Å"I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts; I am no orator, as Brutus is; but (as you know me all) a plain blunt man that love my friend†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III. ii. 218) Incredibly, Antony is able to mask his immense eloquence behind some of that very eloquence, casting himself and his tremendous words as the honest and simple words of a man whom loves his friend. Through this same passage, Antony distances himself from Brutus, whom he alleges as a practiced orator and politician trying to trick the people. The crowd, when then comparing Brutus to Antony, can connect to and hence trust the word of Antony far more, allowing him to widen the range of things he could say. Employing all of these tactics and many more, Mark Antony confirms how effective the correct usage of Ethos is as a tool of manipulation. It is unequivocal that the character in William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar whom commanded the most extensive arsenal of manipulative weaponry, and used it to its fullest potential, was Mark Antony. With the Rhetorical Triangle of Aristotle as an evaluator, it is clear that Antony’s communicative methods blend together a seamless mix of logical, emotive, and ethical strategies. In only a few minutes, he turned the entire population of Rome against men whom had formerly had their unmitigated support. His efforts and success led to one of the most significant events in Western Civilization’s history, the collapse of the Roman Republic and the creation of the monstrous Roman Empire. Antony, in almost five minutes of incomparable excellence, accomplished all of this. His manipulative skills included the ability to, as Caesar put it, â€Å"†¦[look] quite through the deeds of men† (I. ii. 203). Ironically, virtually the only mistake that Antony made was how he trivialized his own success as fate, remarking to Octavian’s servant, â€Å"Fortune is merry, and in this mood will give us anything† (III. ii. 267). His modesty was most likely false: even fortune could not have done what he was able to.

Rime Essays - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, British Poetry,

Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," written in 1797, has been widely discussed throughout literary history. Although critics have come up with many different interpretations of this poem, one idea that has remained prevalent throughout these discussions is the apparent religious symbolism present throughout this poem. "The Ancient Mariner" contains natural, gothic, and biblical symbolism; however, the religious and natural symbolism, which coincide with one another, play the most important roles in this poem (Piper 43). It is apocalyptic and natural symbolism that dominates the core of this poem (43). The biblical symbolism found in this poem mainly reflects the apocalypse, as it deals with the Mariner's revelation that good will triumph over evil, and his acceptance of all nature as God's creation. It is impossible to believe that Coleridge was not thinking of the mysterious wind that blows on the Mariner, without any awareness of the wind as a Biblical symbol of the Holy Spirit. Coleridge could also not associate the murder of the albatross with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The reader is told that the Polar Spirit "loved the bird that loved the man who shot him with his bow." It is doubtful that someone with Coleridge's Christian background and faith could fail to see here an analogy with God who loved his son who loved the men that killed him (Gardner 169). Another example of symbolism is the fact that the albatross is hung around the Mariner's neck like a crucifix. Event the"cross" in "cross-bow" hints at the murder of Jesus, which logically paces the albatross as a symbol for Christ (180). It is thought that Coleridge deliberately created these symbols and images with Christian meaning in mind. The apocalypse is heavily reflected upon throughout this poem as Coleridge combined the vivid colors, the ocean, and the death fires of "The Ancient Mariner" with the terror and desolation of the days of wrath in the apocalypse (Piper 48). The section of the poem after the Mariner kills the Albatross is a description of the emptiness and desolation that the Mariners experience, and the curse that is over the ship (103-127). This section of the poem has tremendous correspondence to the apocalyptic story. The language and form in this part of the poem represent the images and words, which have traditionally described the wrath of God and the guilt of man in Christian terms. Its is at this point in the poem that the Mariner feels guilty for having killed the Albatross and for the deaths of his shipmates. However, it is directly after this description that the Mariner observes the beauty of the water snakes and forms a respect for the presence of God in nature. In this poem Coleridge uses the wrath and guilt of the apocalypse, but adds his own ideas of divine love and conversion, which lead to paradise. Even thought the Mariner must continue with his penance, he is free of God's wrath and is able to appreciate and love all of nature as God's creation. Throughout this poem there are many examples of biblical symbolism in nature. Coleridge uses different elements of nature, such as the sea, as symbols of religious thought or beliefs. The sea is where the decisive events, the moments of eternal choice, temptation, and redemption occur (Piper 49). While at sea, the Mariner makes the eternal choice to kill the Albatross. This choice is eternal because once the Mariner has committed the act of murder, there is nothing that he can do to change it. As a result of the Mariner's decision, a curse falls over the ship and the Mariner is sentenced to eternal penance. The eternal penance that he must serve is a reminder to the Mariner of the choice that he made. However, even after the death of his soul, the Mariner experiences redemption when he recognizes and learns to love all God's creations. It is a known fact that Coleridge's thoughts and feelings where rarely affected by his beliefs, especially the apocalypse. The apocalyptic story deals with God's freeing the soul of man from the pains of sin and death, and lifting it into paradise. After the Mariner kills the albatross, he feels as if he is under some sort of curse (Harding 146). However, the Mariner goes through as conversion, which thus releases his soul from the pains of sin and death so that he can once again obtain happiness. There are two essential steps in the conversion process. The first step