Alfred and Jungian Essay Example for Free

Alfred and Jungian Essay Alfred Adler posited that we develop styles of life that compensate for innate feelings of inferiority. To overcome such feelings, he stated, we strive for a sense of superiority, defined as a desire to achieve emotional health and completeness. However, Adler believed that individuals are often victims of faulty assumptions or inaccurate perceptions of their pasts. These faulty assumptions and the poor choices we make which are based on them, are often a function of our childhood memories, which are affected by our family constellation and birth order. Adler believed that emotional well-being could be gauged by an individuals  degree of social interests or sense of connectedness to others and to the worldwide community. Considered a psychodynamic theory because of its focus on understanding the dynamic forces that shape ones psyche, Adlerian therapy has also been described as one of the first to apply humanistic and systemic concepts. This is because Adler believed that people are influenced by family relationships but not shackled by past events and can make new meaning in life by being goal-directed. Adler saw therapy as occurring through a series of stages that included establishing a collaborative relationship, analyzing the clients problems,  sharing insights, helping the client reorient to new ways of living, and reinforcing and evaluating the change process. Adlerian therapists will often show empathy, conduct a lifestyle assessment, examine early recollections and dreams, communicate, respect and confidence, focus on strengths and encourage clients, help clients combat faulty assumptions, and focus on goals. Lets see how Dr. Gilchrist uses some of the above techniques to help Shannon examine how early recollections of her family have affected her need to be perfect and how striving for perfection results in a fair amount of stress in her life. Jungian analysis assumes that the individual achieves well-being through the exploration of what Carl Jung [assumed spelling] called the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Containing repressed materials from childhood, the personal unconscious is symbolized by Jungs archetype of the shadow self, which represents all parts of the psyche unacceptable to self and others. Jung believed that the most important task of early adulthood is to bring the contents of the shadow self to awareness and integrate it into the conscious personality. The shadow manifests as the opposite of Jungs concept of the persona, or our public mask. In contrast, the collective unconscious is a universal and transpersonal component of the psyche that contains all human experience and potential. Once the shadow has been embraced, the client can continue in the process of what Jung called individuation, a gradual incorporation of universal archetypal patterns into everyday experience. These archetypes provide blueprints for creative development and manifest in our dreams, art, religious symbols, and myths. Two of the most significant archetypes are the anima, which represents the feminine within all males, and the animist, which represents  the masculine within all females. Jung believed that the unconscious could be accessed through the imagination as manifested in dreams, free association, images, and symbols, as well as what Jung called active imagination. Exploring these symbols and images are a means of understanding the past, relieving psychological symptoms and finding guidance in creating a full and more meaningful life. In this role play, watch how Dr. Paula Justice works with Karen as they explore dream images to help the client acknowledge and embrace her shadow self, and how it might be integrated into her public self and waking life.

Symbols of a Worn Path Essay Example for Free

Symbols of a Worn Path Essay Phoenix Jackson; an old negro woman that partakes on a journey to take medicine to her sick nephew that is off in another town. Phoenix is old and through the story there are many accounts that I think are symbolic to being of age. Being one with nature Phoenix Jackson is determined to travel through the forest to tend to her sick nephew. The story itself was full of symbols, some that where more noticeable then others. Phoenix’s face was said to look like a tree with burning glow under it. Pretty much saying she was one with nature, that she was in touch with the natural side of things. And her name is Phoenix which is the same name of the mythical Egyptian bird that lives for 500 years, and then dies but for 500 years it regenerates itself. Her name symbolizes in her old age she lives on. In her old age she is also in touch with nature as her tree trunk like face shows. There are many times she talks to the animals: â€Å"Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animal! Keep out from under these feet, little bob-whites. Keep the big wild hogs out of my path. Don’t let none of those come running my direction. I got a long way†(1) as in touch she is with nature, there are many instances that the forest showed signs of death when she seen a buzzard sitting on a dead tree, then she seen a scare crow. That also represents death, but she ended up dancing with the scare crow like she was dancing around death. So far through the journey Phoenix came upon many different things. She even had a symbolic dream; which had her reaching for a marble cake from a young boy which symbolized her living for a longer period of time. It also had a simple reason, just her hallucinating because of old age. But along the way Phoenix came across a well that she drank from that meant longevity. A lot of the symbols in the story had to do with her age or death. Soon after she was done drinking from the spring, a black dog came at her growling which symbolizes death once again. She hit the dog and it ran away. After the encounter with the dog Phoenix stumbles in falls into a ditch. Where she douses off and has a dream of her reaching and nobody pulling her up. Which symbolizes God looking down at her but does not reach for her because it is not her time to go to Heaven. After she wakes up from her dream she gets out the ditch and comes across a white hunter with two growling dogs. In her whole Journey she had many encounters with symbols of death, but made it through the forest to get the medicine to her sick grandson. â€Å"Critical discussion of A Worn Path largely has been concerned with thematic interpretation of the work, particularly the storys racial, mythological, and Christian motifs.† (2) Sometimes even called a Christian pilgrimage, because of the times God is mentioned and how she is still holding on to life. And he going through that forest sacrificing herself could go back to the scarifies Jesus did. But even with those things in it, there were still symbols of the mythological creature. As Phoenix walked through the forest she struggled with bad vision and hallucinations but still made it to the hospital to help her grandson. â€Å"The combined effects of her old age, her poor vision, and her poetic view of the world heighten the lyricism and symbolism of the narrative.† (2) Which made the story more interesting to the readers. Every hardship had a different meaning, and brought her closer to her goal.

History Of Media In Kenya Media Essay

History Of Media In Kenya Media Essay Radio was first developed in 1920 and it was strictly used by the military. David sternoff had an idea of selling radio sets to consumers and RCA was the first to set up radio station all over the country in United States. Mass media means reaching a large number of audiences, the term mass media was coined in 1920, with the introduction of many nationwide radio networks; it was improved by the circulation of many newspapers and magazines. Mass media include internet, media like video sharing, message boards, podcasts and blogs. Marshal McLuhan brought up the idea that the the medium is the message. In the past drama were the first mass media in the ancient world and it was used by numerous cultures. Diamond Sutra was the first printed book and it was printed in china in 868D. Many books were then printed in ancient times. In 1041 in China, movable clay type was invented; the first printed mass- medium was European popular prints that were printed from about 1400. Johannes Gutenberg printed his book in 1453 on a printing press using movable clay type. Newspapers were developed from about 1612, with the first example in English in 1620. During the 20th century mass medium, has really improved due to advanced technology, for example; printing, film duplication and record pressing. History of Media in Kenya. The media in Kenya is a diverse and vibrant growing industry, which has been facing and is still facing an uncertain future. The political transmission from British colony to independent country was mirrored by many changes in mass media in Kenya. In 1963 when Kenya become independent, the vast majority of Kenya owned television and radio stations were British and American programmes. Kenya culture was promoted vie the mass media under the late president of Kenya Jomo Kenyatta and more programmes were broadcasted in Swahili. The press really suffered during the governance of the former president Daniel Moi and his one party state, which was written into the constitution in 1982, more journalists were arrested and imprisoned, because the state was worried with the media people challenging the government. The scene of oppression changed and the press expanded with the birth of multi- party politics in 1992, this was a response to pressure of activists and with the help of the international communities. Daily newspapers increased to four, the person daily was set up, and the gutter also emerged. Harsh criticisms of the state by the press went with the emergency of opposition politics. Journalist were still oppressed, intimidated and imprisoned by the government. A new unpopular was passed in May 2002 and it required publishers to purchase a bond for one million Kenya shillings, before publishing it. This move scared publishers because it was expensive for them to publish any magazine. There are four major daily newspapers published in Kenya and this are: The daily Nation- it was established in 1960 and it is published by the Nation media group. The first paper was seen as the champion during the governance of the former president Daniel Moi. Nation media owns Nation T.V and the East African which is a regional weekly paper with its core market in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. It is the largest media house in central and East Africa. The standard formerly known as the East African standard was established in 1902. Nowadays the standard is the critic of the government policies, it is owned by the group of businessmen associated with the former president Daniel Moi. Kenya times was established in 1983 by the KANU party. A person daily was established in 1992, it is owned by Kenneth Matiba. Broadcast. The first broadcast targeted white settlers who monitored news from their home country and other parts of the world. The first radio broadcast targeting Africans was started in 1953; it was called African Broadcasting services and carried programmes in Kiswahili, dholuo, kikuyu, Nandi, kamba and Arabic. The Kenya broadcasting services was established in 1954, and the regional stations were set up in Mombasa [Sauti ya Mvita] and Kisumu [lake station] in 1961. There are more than 63 FM stations in Kenya that has been licensed. Radio stations mainly operate in Nairobi and its surrounding areas. The broadcasts of most commercial radio stations are made up of entertainment, phone ins programmes, talk shows and interviews. Television Television was introduced in Kenya in 1962 and the first transmitting station was in Limuru transmitting over only a radius of 15 miles. On 1st July, 1964 through an act of parliament Kenya broadcasting corporation was nationalized and renamed the voice of Kenya. In 1970 V.O.K opened a new television station in Mombasa to relay programmes and produce local dramas, music, culture and other programmes. In 1989, the Kenya parliament gave autonomy to V.O.K and changed the name to K.B.C. K.B.C known as channel one, pay television channel 2 and metro television channel 31, which is usually an Entertainment television. K.T.N, {Kenya television network] become the first private television station in Kenya. It started broadcasting in 1989 and it is owned by a group of businessmen. Citizen T.V is owned by a businessman Samuel Macharia. Press law. Kenya does not have a press law; the press law is a carryover of what was since the colonial government. What passes for media law in Kenya is a general section 79 of the constitution that states; Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom hold opinions without interference. Freedom to receive ideas and information without interference and freedom to communicate ideas. There is nothing in the constitution that refers explicit to the media. Media censorship. There is freedom of expression that is stated in the constitution of Kenya ARTICLE 33; it states that every person has the right to seek, receive or impart information or ideas, freedom of artistic creativity and academic freedom and freedom of scientific research. Censorship is merely to help journalist perform their work well, they should be able to report news or write stories which have correct facts and figures. Media censorship is mainly for checking; vulgarity, violence and racism media censorship sees to it that the media is not used as a tool to attack, discriminate and humiliate people. The government that come into power n 2002 with the leader of president Mwai Kibaki has failed to fulfill its promise for the reform of media legislation. The former information minister Mutahi Kagwe, in August 2007 introduced the Media Bill to parliament which would establish a media regulatory board and media advisory board, which will replace the independent media council in Kenya. This bill allows the information minister to appoint chairman and the members of the new government funded body. The new body will register all journalists and the government license media, so that they can exert authority over them. The media bill provokes hostility among the media practioneers and owners especially in the case of the editors to reveal their sources, if there reports become the subject of court cases. Media owners, civil society groups and the law society opposed the bill because it was putting many pressure and it was totally against the freedom of expression. Late August 2007, the bill was passed but later rejected by the president on the round that the bill limited the confidentiality of sources and therefore it was a threat to press freedom. The Communications Commission of Kenya [CCK] is the independent regulatory body that gives license register journalists and regulates television, radio, telecommunication and postal services. CCK is overseen by the Ministry of information, so that its independence is limited. There are non- state media regulatory bodies, like the media council of Kenya which was set up in 2004 and its a key campaigner for a self regulatory system. Kenya Union of Journalist, editors guild and Kenya correspondents association have set up media industry steering committee. Conclusion Media is not static it is dynamic. With the introduction of new technology, media has really improved. The Kenya constitution should allow media practionerers to do their work without any limitations so that they can be able to collect their information well without revealing their sources. The introduction of many FM stations helps the media industry to advance and reach many people especially those in rural areas. Media will be and continue reaching the mass media through radio, television, internet and cable networking.

Salvidor Dali :: essays research papers

Salvador Dali was born in Figueres Spain in 1904 to Don Salvador Dali y Cuse and Felipa. In 1907, his sister Ana Maria was born; she was his only sibling. At an early age Dali began his strange behavior, he was prone to tantrums, self-induced coughing fits and wet the bed until age eight, as he knew this upset his father. After a year at public school, Dali was still unable to read and write he was then sent to a Christian school, however that did not improve his scholastic abilities (BBC). In 1914, German artist Sigfrid Burman gave Dali his first set of oil paints while the family was vacationing in Cadaques, Spain (daliprint). Five years later, Dali had his first public exhibition in the style of Cubism (duke). In the early 1920’s, his sister was his only female model. At this time he was attending the Madrid Fine Arts school as his father wanted him to gain skill to become a teacher. It was here that he met Luis Burnel and Lorca who would eventually replace his sister as chief model (BBC). In 1925, Dali had his first stand alone exhibit at the Galery of Dalmare (Duke). In 1929 and 1930, Dali collaborated with his friend Louis Burnel on motion pictures enabling him to create jarring juxtapositions, these films were Un Chien Andalau (1929) and L’age’d’or (1930). These films were considered the surrealist style and L’age’d’or caused riots in the streets of Paris (BBC). It was around this time that he met and eloped with Gala Eluard, it is rumored that they never consummated their marriage, as Dali could not stand to be touched. Never the less they remained together for fifty-three years (BBC). In the 1930’s Dali expanded upon surrealism calling his work â€Å"critical paranoia†. According to this theory one should cultivate genuine delusion as in critical paranoia while keeping in the back of ones mind that the control of reason and will has been deliberate set aside. He thought this reasoning should not only apply to art but also to ones daily life (Duke). In 1937, he moved to Italy and was expelled from the Surrealist ranks by Brenton, this was because of his support for Franco during the Spanish Civil War. This was a busy year for Dali as he also wrote a screenplay for the Marx Brothers. In 1938, while visiting London Dali met Sigmond Freud and proceeds to make several drawings of him (Encarta).

Optimizing Chloroquine to Make a Better Drug to Fight Malaria Essay

Optimizing Chloroquine to Make a Better Drug to Fight Malaria Abstract: Malaria has haunted man for centuries. Humanities experiments in drugs allowed for the discovery of chloroquine, perhaps the most successful cure against the parasitic infection. However, a new strain of malaria, plasmodium falciparum, has proven to be resistant against chloroquine and other cures we have for this virulent disease. Should man then cast aside this antique drug? Not before trying to optimize it to once again combat malaria. There has been a disease that has never been completely assessed nor understood, yet it has been a scourge to humanity for centuries. Consequently, it has never quite been fought off. Malaria has haunted man for millennium, and even today we are really unable to claim conquest over it, as it still infects millions of victims every year, killing close to a million each year (WebMed). How then has malaria been nearly eradicated in North America and Europe? There are drugs that fight malaria, the most famous of which is probably chloroquine, one of the oldest drugs made by man. Chloroquine is one of now several drugs that have fought malaria to the tropics, but now has become almost useless against a new, drug resistant strain of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum has perhaps come to claim the title of the most virulent strain of malaria as well. Today it is certainly the deadliest, requiring specialized treatment that might not exist in the poorer tropic regions where it is most rampant. Even now, research against this strain of malaria is ongoing, in the hope to find a cure. Where can this be found? One of the most explored methods is optimizing the drugs we have, particularly chloroquine. I... ... I made in GaussView should not be considered the only or even the best changes. For instance, replacing all the nitrogens with oxygens, I completely changed how it would react to acidic conditions. The extra rings I added increased the molecular weight, in some cases to huge proportions that violated lipinskis rules. By changing the way this molecule bonds, very likely I made this drug very poisonous. It could take years, but eventually this drug could be optimized to fight plasmodium again. Perhaps humanity’s defense against malaria will again come from this nearly antique drug. Plasmodium in the blood. Bibliography weblogs.madrimasd.org/images/weblogs_madrimas WebMed. Malaria. July 12, 2008 Westerfield, Scott. Peeps. Razorbill, 2006. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Chloroquine. July 16, 2008. Zimmer, Carl. Parasite Rex. Simon and Schuster, 2000.

The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Exploratory Essays R

The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Imagine the major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, soybeans - which can resist diseases - and resist pests - and create their own fertilizers - and resist extremes of weather. Imagine potatoes containing more protein, and other vegetables and fruits which contain more nutrients, taste better and resist rot. Can you imagine tomatoes that actually taste like tomatoes. Imagine what such food crops could mean for a world population which will double in less than 40 years. Imagine a fundamental revolution in health care - with treatments and perhaps even cures for heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimer’s, cancer and AIDS. Richard J. Mahoney, 1993 (Wekesser 30) Genetic engineering is a topic which has come under great scrutiny and debate. Since its appearance on the scientific stage in 1973 (Wekesser 23), it has been heralded as everything from the discovery of a fountain of youth to the harbinger of the death of humanity. In reality, genetic engineering is none of theses things. In simple terms, it is merely the utilization of one or more techniques for the purpose of modifying the DNA of an organism (Britannica V, 178). By modifying DNA, scientists today can eliminate some genetic diseases, they can manipulate plants and animals for increased food production and they can help protect against certain environmental hazards. Though genetic engineering is still in its infancy, its potential to benefit mankind is unprecedented. As such, it is a field that must be explored to its fullest. There are many facets to genetic engineering. The most common of these is recombinant DNA. This is a process through which the DNA of one organism is taken and combined with the DNA of another organism. The... ... Heredity: The Physical Basis of Heredity.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed., 1989. â€Å"Genetic Engineering.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Micropedia. 15th ed., 1989. McCuen, Gary E. Manipulating Life: Debating the Genetic Revolution. Hudson, Wisconsin: Gary E. McCuen Publications Inc., 1985. O’Neill, Terry, ed. Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994. Rosenthal, Nadia. â€Å"Molecular Medicine: Tools of the Trade - Recombinant DNA.?The New England Journal of Medicine 04 August 1994: 315+. Ubell, Earl. â€Å"Should You Consider Gene TestingParade 12 January 1997: 8+. Voelker, Rebecca. â€Å"A Clone by Any Other Name Is Still an Ethical Concern.?Journal of the American Medical Association 02 February 1994: 331+. Wekesser, Carol, ed. Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994. The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Exploratory Essays R The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Imagine the major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, soybeans - which can resist diseases - and resist pests - and create their own fertilizers - and resist extremes of weather. Imagine potatoes containing more protein, and other vegetables and fruits which contain more nutrients, taste better and resist rot. Can you imagine tomatoes that actually taste like tomatoes. Imagine what such food crops could mean for a world population which will double in less than 40 years. Imagine a fundamental revolution in health care - with treatments and perhaps even cures for heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimer’s, cancer and AIDS. Richard J. Mahoney, 1993 (Wekesser 30) Genetic engineering is a topic which has come under great scrutiny and debate. Since its appearance on the scientific stage in 1973 (Wekesser 23), it has been heralded as everything from the discovery of a fountain of youth to the harbinger of the death of humanity. In reality, genetic engineering is none of theses things. In simple terms, it is merely the utilization of one or more techniques for the purpose of modifying the DNA of an organism (Britannica V, 178). By modifying DNA, scientists today can eliminate some genetic diseases, they can manipulate plants and animals for increased food production and they can help protect against certain environmental hazards. Though genetic engineering is still in its infancy, its potential to benefit mankind is unprecedented. As such, it is a field that must be explored to its fullest. There are many facets to genetic engineering. The most common of these is recombinant DNA. This is a process through which the DNA of one organism is taken and combined with the DNA of another organism. The... ... Heredity: The Physical Basis of Heredity.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed., 1989. â€Å"Genetic Engineering.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Micropedia. 15th ed., 1989. McCuen, Gary E. Manipulating Life: Debating the Genetic Revolution. Hudson, Wisconsin: Gary E. McCuen Publications Inc., 1985. O’Neill, Terry, ed. Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994. Rosenthal, Nadia. â€Å"Molecular Medicine: Tools of the Trade - Recombinant DNA.?The New England Journal of Medicine 04 August 1994: 315+. Ubell, Earl. â€Å"Should You Consider Gene TestingParade 12 January 1997: 8+. Voelker, Rebecca. â€Å"A Clone by Any Other Name Is Still an Ethical Concern.?Journal of the American Medical Association 02 February 1994: 331+. Wekesser, Carol, ed. Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994.

Acc 490 Week 4 Individual Assignment

The trends show a significant increase in the inventory turn days, an increase in the gross margin for the best result for the four year period, and an improved collection time. c. 7. 84 days Tolerable misstatement ? cogs x 365 = 45 ? 1859 x 365 = 7. 84 d. 20Ãâ€"5 has significant changes with the combined decrease to purchases with an increase in the gross margin which increased by 52. 4%. Inventory turn days increased to 199 days from 183 days. When you combine this result with the expectation range of 7. 4 days, the result is significant and shows what could be a potential overstatement of inventory from a possible error in calculations or fraudulent financial reporting. 10-32 a. a. Control Environment. b. Control activities: Controls over management discretion in financial reporting. c. Control activities: Information processing controls: Computer general controls. d. Monitoring. e. Risk Assessment. f. Control Environment. g. Control activities: Information processing controls: C omputer general controls. h. Control activities: Information processing controls: Computer application controls. i. Control activities: Performance reviews. j. Control activities: Information processing controls: Computer application controls. k. Monitoring. l. Information and communication. m. Risk assessment. n. Control activities: Information processing controls: Controls over the financial reporting process. b. a. Common impact. b. Valuation or Allocation c. All assertions d. Completeness, Existence or occurrence. e. Common impact f. All assertions g. All any assertion . Completeness i. Valuation or Allocation, Completeness, Existence or occurrence j. Existence or occurrence k. Existence or occurrence l. All assertions m. All assertions n. All assertions 11-21 a. The reasons an auditor may assess control risk at the maximum level for one or more assertions embodied in an account balance include controls that are unlikely to relate to an assertion, controls are unlikely to be effective, and it would not be ef ficient for the auditor to evaluate the effectiveness of the controls of the entity. b. In order for an auditor to support assessing control risk at less than the maximum level when the auditor has determined that the controls have been placed into operation include a few issues. One is that the auditor needs to identify the specific controls that will affect specific financial statement assertions. Another involves the auditor performing tests of controls in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan and operation of said controls that prevent or detect any misstatements of material of financial statement assertions. The final issue is that the auditor needs to determine the assessed level of control risk. c. There are things that an auditor needs to consider when seeking a further reduction in the planned assessed level of control risk including if additional tests of controls will give additional needed evidence, and if it will be effective to the additional tests of controls. d. The auditor’s documentation requirements concerning an entity’s system of internal controls along with assessing the level of control risk include having the auditor document the basic requirements involving the systems of internal controls of the entity and assessing their levels of control risks. An auditor also needs to document the basic understanding of the risk assessment along with the control environment, monitoring, and information and communication. An auditor is also required to document the assessment of the level of control risk for all significant financial statement assertions along with the control risk that is assessed at the maximum level. Documentation of the workplace needs to include a description of the tests of controls that the auditor has completed, the results obtained from those findings with the deficiencies noted, the evaluation of the auditor as to the effectiveness of the controls, and the effect on the timing, nature, and extent of the substantive audit procedures.